With proper screening and early intervention, cervical cancer, caused by. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of cervical cancer. It is usually found at a very early stage through a pap test. Cervical cancer forms in the interior lining of the cervix, the junction of the vagina and uterus. Cervical cancer united states pdf ppt case reports. Though the association made between socioeconomic status and cervical cancer is not a direct association for the risk of cervical cancer, it has a significant implication for the exposure to hpv and development of cervical cancer. Smoking status, duration, and amount smoked were associated with double the risk of highgrade dysplasia and carcinoma after adjustment for hpv status. Without the occurrence of pelvic lymph node metastasis after radical sur gery, the patients 5year survival rate could be up to 90% 3438. Cervical cancer risk factors risk factors are anything that can increase or decrease a persons chance of getting a disease, such as cancer.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Th is article discusses risk factors for cervical cancer using the beings epidemiologic model. Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control. There are many factors associated with cervical cancer in ethiopia such as human papilloma virus hpv, cultural factors, poverty, co infection and lack of awareness. It is important to remember that having a risk factor increases the risk of. There are several known risk factors for cervical cancer. Although these risk factors can increase the odds of developing cervical cancer, many women with these risks do not develop this disease. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cervical. Factors influencing the utilization of cervical cancer. As the awareness of the cancer among women has been grown gradually, so cancer screening services have become widely accepted as an important part of well womens health care services31. A woman with cervical cancer risk factors asignificant risk factor for endometrial cancer is prolonged estrogen stimulation with hyperplasia. Several other risk factors for developing cervical cancer have also been identified. Predicting the presence of cervical cancer can help the diagnosis process to start at an earlier stage. Cervical cancer is not just a womens health issue, but a public health issue of which we all need to be aware.
Etiology of cervical cancer c53 in central and south america. But having a risk factor, or even several, does not mean that you will get the disease. The development of cervical cancer is typically slow, and occurs over a period of years. Other risk factors for developing cervical cancer include smoking, age, socioeconomic status and the number of sexual partners in the past. Prevalence of cervical cancer and associated risk factors. The risk for developing cervical cancer is associated with early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking and infection with hpv, use oral contraceptive for a longer period and occupation are the risk factors for the developing cervical cancer. Smoking, drinking coffee, avoiding exercise before menses. The purpose of the study was to examine the factors that influence the uptake of cervical cancer screening among female health workers at the university of port harcourt teaching hospital upth, rivers state. The incidence of cervical cancer, as well as mortality rates from the disease, has decreased over the past 30 years because of widespread screening with cervical cytology.
This study aimed at screening for cervical cancer using papanicolaou smear and to. Cervical cancer is often referred to as a disease of poor, uneducated and underserved women. The most common histologic types of cervical cancer are squamous cell 69 percent of cervical cancers and adenocarcinoma 25 percent. Cervical cancer is one of the most easily preventable forms of female cancers. You will find out more about the factors that increase the chance of developing cervical cancer. Orldwide, cervical cancer comprises approximately 12% of all cancers in women. Tobacco smoke was found to be a major risk factor for cervical precancer and cancer in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study of more than 300 000 women. This explains why in african where access to screening is dismal most women go to health facility when the disease. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into thevagina. Aspects of feasibility include having adequate infrastructure e. Other things can increase your risk of cervical cancer having hiv the virus that causes aids or another condition that makes it hard for your body to fight off health problems. Introduction cervical cancer is fully preventable and curable, at low cost and at low risk, when screening to facilitate the timely detection of. Most cervical cancer risk factors relate to increased exposure to hpv or decreased ability to clear the virus immunologically. Awareness about early detection methods, symptoms and risk.
Developed countries have achieved high reductions in cervical cancer incidence and mortality due to effective screening with papanicolaou pap smears 4. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Smoking as a major risk factor for cervical cancer and pre. The list below shows videos about cervical cancer that have been posted on cdcs youtube channel. The purpose of the study is to find out the factors influencing the uptake of cervical cancer screening services in gesima division in nyamira county, kenya and design the. Other studies have shown that pelvic lymph node metas tasis is an important factor affecting the prognosis of cervical cancer 35. Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. Cervical cancer prevention programs provide services that prevent and reduce mortality of cervical cancer cases.
Socioeconomic and cultural vulnerabilities to cervical. Hpv is implicated in virtually all cervical cancer. Epidemiological investigation and risk factors for cervical lesions. It has now been proven that hpv is the major causative factor of carcinoma of the cervix.
A risk factor is anything that increases a persons chance of developing cancer. Television public service announcements these public service announcements psas were developed by the inside knowledge campaign for. Most participants 444448 had heard about cervical cancer. The median age at death for women with cervical cancer is 54 years. Hpv infection being very common but cervical cancer relatively uncommon suggests that only a very small proportion of women are vulnerable to the effects of an hpv infection. What do british women know about cervical cancer symptoms.
Environmental risk factors for prevention and molecular. Cervical cancer is a cancer that forms in the tissues of the cervix. Survey and procedure data from 433 women, who received grantfunded cervical cancer screenings over a span of 33 months, were examined. However, in many countries, including most middleincome. This study aimed to assess correlates of cervical cancer risk factor knowledge and examine sociodemographic predictors of selfreported barriers to screening among a group of lowincome uninsured women. Cervical cancer screening barriers and risk factor. Awareness about early detection methods, symptoms and.
Nowadays the reasons behind cervical cancer are wellknown and screening measures have. Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. Known risk factors including multiple sexual partners, human papillomavirus infection, and early onset of sexual activity, were recognized by 88%, 82%, and 78% of respondents respectively. Recognition, though higher than the recall in marlow et al. Factors influencing uptake of cervical cancer screening among female health workers in university of port harcourt teaching hospital, rivers state this is a crosssectional descriptive survey. This content is reproduced from the centers for disease control and prevention cdc. Cervical cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention risk factors. Results from the epic cohort esther roura 1,2, xavier castellsague 1,2, michael pawlita 3,noemie travier 4, tim waterboer 3.
Women without any of these risk factors rarely develop cervical cancer. These factors raise the risk of developing cervical cancer. Ethiopia has no standard policy or protocol for cervical cancer screening rather it is patchy or inconsistent. Acog releases guideline on cervical cancer screening. Hpv will develop cervical cancer as the body often takes care of the virus itself leading to resolution of the infection. We will try to use machine learning algorithms and determine if the patient has cancer based on numerous factors available in the dataset. For a health program at the level of a community or a nation to be administered, it must be feasible. It can be concluded that, knowledge of participants regarding breast and. Cancer of the cervix is predominantly caused by persistent human papilloma virus hpv infections.
Infection with some types of hpv is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer, followed by smoking. To determine the types of cervical cancer and risk factors among women and the possible relationship between the risk factors and each specific type of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer cc is potentially the most preventable and treatable cancer in human but it is a leading cause for cancer morbidity and mortality in women around the world. Also, it is found that preinvasive highgrade lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma represent 0. Cervical screening is acknowledged as currently the most effective approach for cervical cancer control. Out of 200 identified hpv types, 12 have been designated as carcinogenic by the international agency for research on cancer, with hpv16 accounting for 50% and hpv18 accounting for 10% of cervical cancer. Although risk factors often influence the development of cancer, most do not directly cause cancer. Factors influencing uptake of cervical cancer screening.
Therefore, more innovative prevention and treatment protocols need to be developed and implemented. Cervical cancer is almost always caused by hpv infection, with hpv detected in 99% of cervical. The progression to cervical cancer begins with the development of precancerous changes in normal cells. Risk factors for cervical cancer include human papillomavirus hpv infection, smoking, low immune system and oral contraceptives. With better understanding of the etiology of the disease, speci. Severalrisk factors increase your chance of developing cervical cancer. Yet, lack of knowledge about the disease and risk factors, beliefs about the disease, poor access to preventive services, affordability of the service and current health service system can affect decision to be screened for cervical cancer 6.
The present study aims to assess the risk factors for cervical cancer in women aged 2580 years. Factors associated with late presentation of cervical. Knowledge, attitude and practice for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer in sub sahara africa atara ntekim department of radiation oncology, college of medicine, university of ibadan nigeria 1.
Footnote k is a new reference regarding double barrel wet colostomy. Comprehensive cervical cancer control world health organization. Pooled data from eight casecontrol studies on invasive cervical cancer and two studies on carcinoma in situ. Clinicopathological factors influencing the prognosis of.
It can be prevented through primary and secondary prevention strategies, and it can be eff ectively treated when caught early. Cervical cancer is the leading and most common female cancer among women in ghana. Risk factors for cervical cancer american cancer society. Cervical cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide with a high incidence in underdeveloped countries and nigeria is one of these countries. Risk factors for cervical cancer iarc screening group homepage. Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms. Cervical cancer can often be successfully treated when its found early. Most of these changes, even if left untreated, will not progress to cancer. Cervical squamous cell carcinoma scc risk is 46% higher in current smokers versus neversmokers, a. It is the second most common cancer in women worldwide but the commonest in developing countries.
Smoking as a major risk factor for cervical cancer and pre cancer. Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital. Prevalence and risk factors of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. There appear to be additional risk factors that affect a womans chance of developing cervical cancer.
Table 1 resection of cervical cancer as primary therapy and table 2 resection of locally recurrent cervical cancer with no distant metastasis have been extensively revised. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer pdf. Other factors that increase the risk are obesity, anovulatory menstrual cycles, decreasing ovarian function as with menopause, estrogensecreting tumors, and unopposed estrogen e. Variations in cervical cancer incidence and mortality may be related to differentials in access and quality of services. Which of the following is a risk factor for development of breast cancer. International agency for research on cancer iarc classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development. Best practices in nursing care of cervical cancer patient. The risk of a woman being diagnosed by age 85 is 1 in 167.
Many studies have documented cin and cervical cancer s risk factors. Pdf prevalence and risk factors of cervical cancer among. It is usually a slowgrowing cancer that may not have symptoms but can be detected through screening tests. Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of cancer worldwide, and is a common cause of cancer in the lowincome countries. Section of cancer surveillance, international agency for research on cancer.
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